The Coyote Taking Illegal Immigrants Across the Border...

The Coyote: Taking Illegal Immigrants Across the Border I would like the critics of immigration to think of the coyotes while you read this paper. The coyote has the easiest job pertaining to illegal immigration. They are paid well and once they have done there job, they can go on there way with a fat wallet and no worries. The immigrants who pay these people their loot of cash that they most likely saved for who knows how long, are now the new victims of these coyotes. These illegal immigrants now must find shelter and jobs to start their new lives in the United States. I would like to show both stories of these two types of people on different paths. The coyote that transports the immigrants across the border and the immigrant who†¦show more content†¦There is a big Hispanic culture expressed at the stores and neighborhoods. Above all I would like to accomplish those of you who read this paper to be more educated on immigration and the players, and to try and understand the thinking and risk taking ideas of these new immigrants in and out of our country. I grew up in West Phoenix 20 years ago, and I actually moved out of there 7 years ago. Although I moved I did not take to my new residence well. I still belonged to the west side of Phoenix which is highly Hispanic natured. I would find myself traveling longer distances and time consuming trips to take care of my daily practices. So my life still revolved around this area, although I left years ago it has remained a part of my life. While I remained in these areas I was dating a girl for 5 years who was from Mexico City. She and her family came across legally but with out citizenship and residence. Back in the early eighties her father was one of the most prestigious Christians priests in Mexico City and at the time Mexico wanted to send him to the United States to spread his word knowing the big immigration influx in Arizona. So the deal was set with Arizona to allow him in his family in the United States for a 5 year mission. Once his work was done they were to return to Mexico. While living in ArizonaShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Surrounding the United States and Mexican Boarder1048 Words   |  4 Pages It is amazing to think about the great lengths one is willing to go to take in order to provide for their family and the slight chance of a better life. The immigrants crossing the U.S border from Mexico are the ones taking the deadly journey throug h the fiery desert. They all have different backgrounds, family but the one thing they all share is the goal of escaping poverty to find riches in the united states â€Å"and Read MoreBorder Blues: the Dilemma of Illegal Immigration791 Words   |  4 PagesBorder Blues: The Dilemma of Illegal Immigration By: Farai Chideya I. Research Question: Immigration is a rapid growing issue for the United States. For a long time people from other countries have been coming here to look for bigger and better things for themselves, as well as for their families. This article digs to the core of the issue, illegal immigration. Chideya wanted to know three things: 1) What is the reality behind the perceptions of Mexican Americans, 2) How do the residents ofRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The United States1541 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration is one of the United States’ most controversial subjects. 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Can an illegal immigrant achieve the â€Å"American dream?† The answers to these questions depend on the viewer. El Norte is a movie depicting the struggle faced by many people from Central and South America who are trying to get inside the United States. Viewers often generalizeRead MoreEssay about Illegal Immigration and the Environment1676 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration and the Environment One of the most controversial political issues of today is illegal immigration. Illegal immigration describes the long-term shift of populations across national borders without complying with the legal requirements. Many people are crossing the United States borders illegally to find better jobs, escape political persecution, and to help out families back home. Some Americans are against this movement of immigrants. One problem is because of the damagingRead More Mexican Immigration Before and After World War II Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthat all of your dreams can come true. This is the belief that many Mexican immigrants had about â€Å"El Norte,† they believed that the north would provide them with the opportunity that their life in Mexico had not. Many Immigrants believed that the United States was â€Å"the land of opportunity,† a place to find a successful job and live out the life that one only dreamt about living. The North was an open paradise for the imm igrants. They were told by the people who had already ventured to the north thatRead MoreThe Immigration Became Illegal By Aviva Chomsky1510 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans may often forget that immigrants are human beings too. A lot of them may not see all the risks that comes with trying to cross the border along with all the issues and problems immigrants face. In Aviva Chomsky’s â€Å"How immigration became illegal† she tries to get Americans to understand what it might feel like trying to come to America and really shows it from an immigrant perspective. Chomsky really talks about all the issues and problems immigrants face trying to come to America and theRead MoreEthics and Undocumented Immigrants1883 Words   |  8 PagesEthics and Undocumented Immigrants Undocumented immigration is a controversial topic these days. There are many factors that make it so. There are many ethical issues involved with undocumented immigration, and they stem from the fact that undocumented immigrants are not officially recorded as being in the country. Undocumented immigration is also commonly termed as â€Å"illegal† immigration, and what makes it illegal is when a person flees their native country into another country while violating

Introduction to Psychology Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTED BY: NJUE ANGELINE WANJA X74/53648/2012 PRESENTED TO: PROFESSOR GATUMU 1. MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATURE AND NURTURE Nature is the inherent character or basic constitution of a person or thing while nurture is the sum of the environmental factors influencing the behavior and traits expressed by an organism. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now IDENTIFY THE RECOGNISED EFFECTS OF NATURE AND NURTURE ON BEHAVIOUR AND DISCUSS THE MAJOR ISSUE CONCERNING THIS INFLUENCE. DO BEHAVIOURS THAT PROMOTED SURVIVAL IN EARLY EVOLUTION OF HUMANBEINGS STILL INFLUENCE THE WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE TODAY? DISCUSS Nature plays a role in determining personality. These personality traits help determine the paths people take in their environment (nurture), which in turn effects their specific behaviours. Behaviours that promoted survival in early evolution still influence the way people behave today. Evolutionary psychologists believe that evolutionary processes designed our mind for life in an environment. They say that the human brain consists of specialized neural circuits designed by evolution to unconsciously solve problems that our ancestors faced during our evolutionary history. 3EXPLAIN HOW TWINS DEVELOP AND WHY TWIN STUDIES ARE IMPORTANT TO PSYCHOLOGISTS. CAN BEHAVIOUR TRAITS SUCH AS SHYNESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS BE INHERITED? DISCUSS The scientific study of twins began in the 1870’s. Twins provide a natural control for experiments because respect for each twin’s feelings, privacy and personhood is easy for even the best intentioned scientist to compromise. Behaviour traits such as shyness and aggressiveness cannot be inherited. This is because they are not genetical 4. DEFINE THE TERM LEARNING AND EXPLAIN HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS DETERMINE WHEN LEARNING HAS OCCURRED. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience or practice. It comes about due to the combination of these factors: change in behavior, change in knowledge, results of experience and permanency. Learning is said to have occurred by observation of the behavior before and after learning. Once something is learned, an organism can exhibit a behavior that indicates learning has occurred. 5. DEFINE CONDITIONING AND EXPLAIN HOW CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED RESPONSES ARE LIKE AND UNLIKE REFLEXES (HINT: AUTOMATIC, LEARNED AND NOT LEARNED) Conditioning is the acquisition of behavior in the presence of a well defined stimulus. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a reflexive response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus. 6 . DESCRIBE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND DEFINE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF STIMULI AND RESPONSES INVOLVED. Classical conditioning is the acquisition of behavior in the presence of well defined stimuli. a) Unconditioned stimulus – a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without any prior conditioning example food b) Unconditioned response – an unlearned reaction/response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning example salivating c) Conditioned stimulus – an originally neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response example ringing the bell d) Conditioned response – behavior that the animal has learnt in response to conditioned stimulus. . DESCRIBE HOW EXTINCTION AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY AFFECT CLASSICALY CONDITIONED RESPONSES. Extinction is the result of eliminating the unconditioned stimulus and repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus alone. Eventually the conditioned stimulus will no longer elicit the conditioned response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are again paired after the cond itioned response has been extinguished, the conditioned response returns to its original strength very quickly. An extinguished conditioned response will temporarily reappear if after some time delay, the conditioned stimulus occurs without the unconditioned, this is called spontaneous recovery. 8. DESCRIBE OPERANT CONDITIONING AND IDENTIFY TWO PSYCHOLOGISTS WHO ARE WELL KNOWN FOR RESEARCHING THE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN OPERANT CONDITIONING. E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner are well known for researching the variables involved in operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is the process by which an organism learns a response by operating on the environment. In operant conditioning, the focus is on operants, reinforcers and discriminative stimuli. A reinforcer is a stimulus event that increases the probability that the operant behavior will occur again. Positive reinforcers strengthen a response if they are presented after that response occurs. Negative reinforcers are the removal of unpleasant stimuli such as pain or noise. Discriminative stimuli are stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made. Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to make a particular response in the presence of one stimulus but another. . IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF REINFORCERS AND THE FORMS OF REINFORCEMENT INVOLVED IN OPERANT CONDITIONING; EXPLAIN WHAT TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR ARE LEARNED THROUGH NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. Primary reinforcers are events or stimuli that satisfy needs basic to survival. Secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli that take on reinforcing properties if paired with stimuli that are already reinforcing. Positive reinforcers strengthen a response if they are presented after that response occurs. Negative reinforcers are the removal of unpleasant stimuli. The effects of negative reinforcement are escape conditioning, which occurs when you learn to make a response to end an aversive stimulus and avoidance conditioning which is the process of learning responses that avoid aversive stimulus. 10. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF PUNISHERS INVOLVED IN OPERANT CONDITIONING; DISCUSS THE LIMITATIONS OF PUNISHMENT. In one form of punishment a behavior is followed by an aversive or unpleasant stimulus. In a second form of punishment, sometimes called penalty, a pleasant stimulus is removed following a behavior. Punishment has its drawbacks: A) It doesn’t erase an undesirable habit, it merely lowers the probability of its immediate reccurrence. B) It can produce unwanted side effects C) Punishment is often ineffective unless it is given immediately D) It can become aggression, even abuse when given in anger E) It does not specify correct alternative behavior. 11. WHY IS MONEY A SECONDARY REINFORCER? This is because it is used to acquire primary reinforcements such as food and other such things. 12. BRING OUT THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING. The similarities are: a) Both involve learning of associations b) Responses are under control of stimuli in the environment c) Both are ways of changing one’s behavior. The differences are: a) In operant the learner is rewarded with incentives while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. b) Classical conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary response and a stimulus while operant conditioning is about making association between a voluntary behavior and consequence. 3. DESCRIBE THE RESULTS OF COGNITIVE LEARNING STUDIES THAT FOCUSED ON INSIGHT AND LATENT LEARNING. Latent learning is learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs. A cognitive map is a mental representation of some physical arrangement. Cognitive maps develop naturally through experience. Cognitive psychologists see learning as more than the sum of reinforcement effects and automatic associations. Insight is a sudden understanding a bout what is required to produce a desired effect. It’s the result of actual trial and error experimentation or of an extended â€Å"mental trial and error† process in which people envision of a course of action, mentally simulate its results, compare it with the imagined outcome of other alternatives and then settle on the course of an action most likely to aid complex problem solving and decision making. 14. DESCRIBE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, EXPLAIN THE VARIABLE THAT AFFECTS IT AND DISCUSS SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES INVOLVED IN STUDYING HOW IT OCCURS. Observational learning is the learning that occurs through observing the behavior of other people. Albert Bandura discovered this basic form of learning in 1986. Bandura stressed the importance of observational learning because it allowed children especially, to acquire new responses through observing others’ behavior. This form of learning does not need reinforcement to occur; instead, a model is required. A social model can be a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher, but particularly in childhood a model is someone of authority or higher status. A social model is significantly important in observational learning because it allows one to cognitively process behavior, encode what is observed, and store it in memory for later imitation. While the model may not be intentionally trying to instill any particular behavior, many behaviors that one observes, remembers and imitates are actions that models display. A child may learn inappropriate behavior acceptable through poor modeling. He claims that children continually learn desirable and undesirable behavior through observational learning. Observational learning suggests that an individual’s environment, cognition, and behavior all integrate and ultimately determine how one functions. Diffusion chain is a process by which behaviors are transferred from one person to another by imitation. Stages of observational learning and its effects Attention: Observers cannot learn unless they pay attention to what’s happening around them. This process is influenced by characteristics of the model, such as how much one likes or identifies with the model, and by characteristics of the observer, such as the observer’s expectations or level of emotional arousal. Retention: Observers must not only recognize the observed behavior but also remember it at some later time. This process depends on the observer’s ability to code or structure the information in an easily remembered form or to mentally or physically rehearse the model’s actions. Production: Observers must be physically and/intellectually capable of producing the act. In many cases the observer possesses the necessary responses. But sometimes, reproducing the model’s actions may involve skills the observer has not yet acquired. It is one thing to carefully watch a circus juggler, but it is quite another to go home and repeat those acts. Motivation: In general, observers will perform the act only if they have some motivation or reason to do so. The presence of reinforcement or punishment, either to the model or directly to the observer, becomes most important in this process Culture and environment also play a role in whether observational learning will be the dominant learning style in a person or community. In some cultures, children are expected to actively participate in their communities and are therefore exposed to different trades and roles on a daily basis. This exposure allows children to observe and learn the different skills and practices that are valued in their communities. In communities where children’s primary mode of learning is through observation, the children are rarely separated from adult activities. This incorporation into the adult world at an early age allows children to use observational learning skills in multiple spheres of life. Culturally, they learn that their participation and contributions are valued in their communities. This teaches children that it is their duty as members of the community to observe contributions being made in order to gradually become involved and participate further in the community LIMITATIONS Poor Role Models Demonstrate Poor Behavior While observational learning is effective in teaching positive new behaviors, it may also encourage the adoption of previously forbidden behavior. During the 90s psychologists made a startling statement based on Albert Bandura’s theories that children learned to behave aggressively after witnessing violent acts performed by adults or older children, specifically family members. For example, children who witness a parent’s abusive behavior are at a higher risk of becoming abusive themselves. Undesirable Models May Reinforce Behavior In many cases, television is a source of behavior modeling. Many forms of both adult and child entertainment involve some type of behavior and portray this as socially acceptable and even desirable. This type of exposure has been shown to precipitate aggressive behavior in those who observe it regularly. For example, one study stated that homicide rates increased after media events like televised heavyweight championships. A second study found that children who watched a higher than average amount of television were almost 49 percent more likely to become violent criminal Evidence of Learning is Not Always Visible Albert Bandura pioneered the study of observational learning. During the 20th century, he refined a description of the learning process, which required learners to observe certain behaviors, remember the action, and have the opportunity to model the behavior. However, recent experts argue that learning occurs after observation of certain behaviors and their consequences despite the fact that learners may not physically repeat the same behavior for some time. Observational Learning Requires Motivation Learners are more motivated to repeat behaviors they enjoy and are capable of performing successfully. Observational Learning Theory lacks consideration of other important factors in learning. The Social Learning Theory generally ignores an individual’s physical and psychological limitations. Inherited conditions may affect how learners react to an act, as well as their ability to retain and repeat certain behaviors. 15. Distinguish among, (these 3), memory, learning and insights? Memory refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structure that account for this capacity. Learning is a change in performance, which occurs as a result of practice (Mc Geoch and Ivion 1952) . earning, is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience (Coon, 1983). An insight is the sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another. 16. Discuss information processing model (of memory)? 17. Describe the structure, function, and time course of long-term memory. Distinguish between explicit and implicit memory and between episodic and semantic memory? Its capacity is unlimited. It holds retention of memory for a long period. Its very important in learning. Explicit memory is conscious while episodic is unconscious. Episodic memory contains your own experiences while semantic memory contains facts and general knowledge. 18 . Identify steps and techniques you can use to help yourself remember something; i. e. how can you improve your memory? Steps on how to improve memory i. Rehearse. This is repeating of past information ii. Distribute practicing over time whereby you should review newly represented articles and make a summary. iii. Use mnemonics. This is a formal strategies and tricks for encoding, storing and retaining information like setting a formula. iv. Use of mediation and imagery v. Review in different contexts and modelity. This is the place where you learn something that can be very important. vi. Focus. 19. Define the terms motivation, drive, and need. Describe drive theories of motivation? Motivation. This is a process within a person or animal that causes movement toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation. Drive. This is that force which energizes behavior intended to fulfill a need. Need. This is a motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction. Drive theories of motivation a) Cognitive theory This theory emphasizes the role of our thought, expectations and understanding of the word. Using the expectancy value theory it is assumed that our behaviors are determined by two kinds of cognitive. The first is our expectations that our behavior will make us reach a particular goal. The second is that we tend to have our understanding of the value of that goal. b) Arousal theory This theory proposes that a goal of individual is to maintain or increase the level of excitement or activity. Individuals try to maintain certain levels of stimulation of cognitive activity: where such levels are too low the individual tries to increase them by seeking stimulation. c) Incentive theory This theory proposes that behavior is not always motivated by internal (physiological) needs. Rather the focus is on the external stimulus influencing the behavior. 20. Characterize the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? In bulimia, the person binges (eats vast quantities of rich food) and then purges by inducing vomiting or using laxatives. Individuals with bulimia are usually normal in weight, but they are obsessed with their weight and shape. In anorexia nervosa, the person eats hardly anything and therefore becomes dangerously thin because of a delusional belief that she or he is too fat. Bulimia and anorexia are at least ten times more common in women than in men, and these eating disorders are most likely to begin in lat adolescence, as girls bodies are maturing. Although many people with these disorders recover, others damage their health permanently, or, in the case of anorexia, eventually die of self-starvation. 21. Describe the sexual response cycle of human beings and the sexual dysfunctions that occur in men and women? 22. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. What is self-actualization? Intrinsic otivation deriver’s motivation forces from within the individual activity. The individual participates in an activity not because of any material benefit (reward) but due to his or her enjoyment of the activity. It also means internal or inside of yourself. This is enjoying an activity, course or skill development solely for the satisfaction of learning and having fun, and you are determined to strive inwardly in order to be competent. Extrin sic motivation means external or outside of yourself. This material benefit that will result from participating in an activity e. . an individual may do a job because he or she is going to earn money but not because the job is interesting. Self-actualization is a state in which people realize their highest potential. At this point one is happy with what he or she achieved. He may not be rich. 23. Distinguish between the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods of studying development? In longitudinal methods of study, a researcher performs repeated observations or testing at specified points during the participants’ lives, thus allowing the observation of development. The time span involved maybe be anywhere from a few months to a lifetime while a cross-sectional study, are quick by nature in that a researcher does not have to follow the development of each individual. At the same time a researcher does not the rich data on individual development that can be garnered from longitudinal studies since the evidence of change is inferred from differences between the age groups. 24. Define zygote, embryo and fetus and discuss the developmental changes that take place during the prenatal period? Zygote is the fertilized cell that will grow into a baby anima. Embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth. Fetus is a developing mammal or other viviparous vertebrate after the embryonic stage and before birth. Prenatal development It is divided into 3 stages, the germinal, the embryonic and the fetal stage. a. The germinal stage Begin at conception, when the male sperm unites with the female ovum (egg). A day or so after conception, the fertilized egg, or zygote begins to divide into two parts, and in 10-14 days it attaches itself to the wall of uterus. The outer portion becomes of the zygote will form the part of the placenta and umbilical cord, and the inner portion becomes the embryo. The placenta, connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord, serves as growing embryo link for food from the mother; it allows nutrients to enter and wastes to exit, and it screens out some, but not all, harmful substances. b. The embryonic stage Begins and lasts until the 8th week after conception. The embryo develops webbed fingers and foes, a tail, eyes, ears, nose, a mouth, circulatory system and a spinal cord. During the 4th-8th week, the male hormone testosterone is secreted by the rudimentary testes in embryos that are genetically male; without this hormone, the embryo will develop to be anatomically female. c. Fetal stage Begins after 8 weeks. The organism, now called a fetus further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage By 28 weeks, the nervous and respiratory systems are developed enough to allow most fetuses to live if born prematurely. The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur during the last 12 weeks of a full term pregnancy. 5. Define accommodation and assimilation. Identify and describe Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (intellectual development). Give a criticism of the theory? Assimilation is what you do when you fit new information into your present system of knowledge and beliefs or into your mental schemas (networks of associations, beliefs and expectations about categories of things and people). Accommodation is what you do when, as a result of undeniable new information; you must change or modify your existing schemas. Piaget’s four stages i. The sensor motor stage (birth to age 2) In this stage, the infant learns through concrete actions, looking, touching, hearing, putting things in mouth, sucking, grasping. â€Å"Thinking† consists of coordinating sensory information with bodily movements. Gradually, these movements become more purposeful ass the child explores the environment and learns that specific movements will produce specific results. A major accomplishment at this stage said Piaget, is object permanence, the understanding that something continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it. ii. The preoperational stage(age 2-7) During this stage, the use of symbols and language accelerates. A 2-year-old is able to pretend for instance that a large box is a house, table or train. But Piaget described this stage largely in terms of what (he thought) the child cannot do. Although children can think, said Piaget, they can reason, and they lack the mental abilities necessary for understanding abstracts principles or cause and effect. Piaget called these missing abilities operations, by which he meant reversible actions that the child performs in the mind. iii. The concrete operations stage(ages 7-12) In this stage, Piaget said, children’s thinking is still grounded in concrete experiences and concepts rather than in abstractions or logical deductions. However, the nature and quality of their thought processes change significantly where by children come to understanding the principles of conservation, reversibility and cause and effect. iv. The formal operations stage(age 12 through adulthood) In this stage teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning. They understand that ideas can be compared and classified just as objects can. They are able to reason about situations they have not experienced firsthand and they can think about futurePossibilities. 26. Distinguish between reliability and validity? Reliability is a synonymous with the consistency of a test, survey, observation or other measuring device while validity refers to the degree in which our test or other measuring device is truly measuring what we intended it to. 27. Identify three basic criticisms of- and defenses for- the validity of tests and testing? * Replicating and generalizing the findings * Demand characteristics Confounding of variables 28. (a)Distinguish among self-esteem, self-concept and self-efficacy? Self- concept is simply the informational side of things, where you know facts about what you are like while self- esteem is how you feel about those things you know, like whether you enjoy the fact that you are talkative at parties (high self- esteem) or you think that you are annoying and need to shut up sometimes (low self- esteem). Self- efficacy is a person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. b)How does self- efficacy affect motivation? Self efficacy affects motivation positively in that it motivates a person to achieve a certain goal. 29(a) Define research and state the purpose of research? Research is a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the working setting. Purpose * To acquire knowledge * To solve problems (b)What are the four objectives of science? a. Description. Requires verifying the phenomenon accurately. b. Explanation. This gives details why the phenomenon is the way it is. . Prediction. This is correlation research, naturalistic observation or case study. d. Control. This is experimental research. (c)Outline steps of scientific research method? a. Identify the problem. b. Definition of the problem in clear and specific terms. c. Development of hypothesis or research questions. d. Development of techniques and measuring instruments related to the problem that will provide objective. e. Collect relevant data. f. Analyze and interpret the results. g. Present the results in appropriate form. h. Replicate the study. d) State characteristics of scientific research method? * Psychology uses scientific methods to collect data. * Psychology attempts to find the new truth. * Psychology deals with observable behavior and establishes facts by objective evidence. * Psychological research attempts to know more about the variables that a ffects behavior. * Psychological research uses scientific methods to study human behavior and examine traditional views. * Psychology as a science helps to understand, control and predict behavior. It uses the experimental methods by controlling variables and rechecking indings and stating it results in objective terms; these can be verified by anyone in given conditions. * Psychological research findings are applicable to future research and to practical life. 30. Discuss the five major approaches used to carry out scientific research bringing out their strengths and weakness? CASE STUDY;this occurs when researchers studies a subject in depth . He collects data about the subject through interviews, direct observation psychological testing, or examination of documents and records about the subjects. Strengths ;providing a good way to generate hypothesis gt;yields data that other methods can’t provide Weaknesses;sometimes gives incomplete information ;it even relies on self-re port data, which can be misleading ;it is subjective thus may yield biased results ;does not allow conclusions about cause and effect relationship. SURVEY;this is a way of getting information about a specific type of behavior experience or event . when using this method, researchers give people questionnaires or interview them to obtain information Strengths;yields a lot of information gt;provides a good way to generate hypothesis ;it can provide information about many people since it is cheap and easy to do. Weaknesses;provides information about behavior that cannot be observed directly ;Relies on self-report data which can be misleading ;does not allow conclusions about cause and effect relationships NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION;this is a method where researchers collect information about subjects by observing them unobtrusively without interfering with them in any way Strengths;it can be useful for generating hypothesis gt;provides information about behavior in the natural environmen t. Weaknesses;sometimes produces biased results ;may be difficult to do unobtrusively ;Does not allow conclusions about cause and effect relationship. EXPERIMENTS;This is where a researcher manipulates a particular variable under controlled conditions while observing resulting changes in another variable that is he manipulates the independent variable and observes the dependent variable since its thought to depend to the independent variable Strengths ;identifies cause and effect relationship. gt;distinguishes between placebo effect and the real effects of a treatment or drug. Weaknesses;can be artificial so results may not generalize to world situations ;they cannot be used to study everything sometimes researchers cannot control variables enough to use to be used in an experiment because they find that painful or harmful in someway PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;Researchers use psychological tests to collect information about personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes interests, abiliti es, values or behaviors. Researchers usually standardize these tests which means they create uniform procedures for giving and scoring them Strength;gives information about characteristics e. g. personal traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, values, and behaviors. Weaknesses;does not allow conclusions about cause and effect relationships ;requires good reliability and validity before it can be used 31(a) Discuss both Piaget’s theory of cognitive (intellectual) development and Freud’s theory of personality development bringing out similarities and differences of the two theories. Piaget’s theory is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It is primarily known as a development stage theory, but in fact, it deals with nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire, construct and use it. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience. Children construct understanding of the world around them, and then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in the environment. Moreover, Piaget claims the idea that cognitive development is a centre of human organism and language is contingent on cognitive development Freud’s theory of personality deals with the id, ego and super-ego which are three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in the structural model of the psyche; they are three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life described. According to this model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organized, realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role. The super-ego can stop you from doing certain things that your id may want you to do. Even though the model is structural and makes reference to an apparatus, the id, ego and super-ego are functions of the mind rather than parts of the brain and do not correspond one-to-one with actual somatic structures of the kind dealt with by neuroscience. The similarities in the theories are that both have clearly defined stages, people are expected to progress from stage to stage. Both aim to explain thinking or behavior in development including changes. Both assume a deterministic and universal progression. b)Discuss briefly their applicability and disparity of the both theories in our set up today? 32. Who is an ‘adolescence’? Discuss the changes and problems experienced by adolescences? Adolescence is person aged between the teen years and undergoing rapid changes both physical and psychological. Adolescences undergo many changes In boys: broadening of chests Deepening of their voice Growth of hair in the pubic parts Enlargement of the penis In girls: softening of their voices Widening of the hips Enlarging of the breasts Growth of hair in their private parts They also experience numerous problems including Injuring themselves as they experiment everything they see e. g. fighting techniques Growth of pimples on their faces Arousal by any sex related stimuli as sexual motivation is at its peak Some become mad due to the use of drugs. Girls become pregnant as they try to maximize sexual satisfaction 33. (a)Describe consciousness and altered states of consciousness giving examples in each case? (i) Consciousness;this is the awareness of the various mental processes taking place in our bodies. For example, awakening, and learning. i). Altered state of consciousness;this is the state characterized by a series of processes which are not normal. For example day dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback, intoxication. (b)State three symptoms of schizophrenia Hallucinations Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in the person’s mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, a uditory hallucinations (e. g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common. Research suggests that auditory hallucinations occur when people misinterpret their own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source. Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone they know. Most commonly, the voices are critical, vulgar, or abusive. Hallucinations also tend to be worse when the person is alone. Disorganized speech Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things. Common signs of disorganized speech in schizophrenia include: Loose associations – Rapidly shifting from topic to topic,with no connection between one thought and the next. Neologisms – Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to the patient. Perseveration – Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over. Clang – Meaningless use of rhyming words (â€Å"I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head†). Disorganized behavior Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, causing impairments in a person’s ability to take care of him or herself, work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior appears as: A decline in overall daily functioning Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose Lack of inhibition and impulse control Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) The so-called â€Å"negative† symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals. Common negative symptoms of schizophrenia include: Lack of emotional expression –Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions. Lack of interest or enthusiasm – Problems with motivation; lack of self-care. Seeming lack of interest in the world – Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal. Speech difficulties and abnormalities – Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in monotone. 34. (a)What is a theory? This is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships. (b)What does it mean to adopt eclectic approach? this is the selection of the best method of study, teaching, or even researching that best fits the person involved. (c)Explain Abraham Mallow’s theory of motivation and personality (hierarchy of human needs). He says that different motivation needs are ordered in a hierarchy with more basic lower level needs at the bottom and sophisticated higher level needs at the top. He says that a lower level need must be satisfied before the one above is satisfied. a. Physiological needs. Needs for food, water, sleep, sex. In order to move to the next level of needs these primary needs must be satisfied first. b. Safety (security) needs. People need a safe secure environment to enable them function effectively. c. Love and belonging needs. These include the need to obtain and give affection. It also includes being a significant member of a group or society. d. Esteem needs. These refer to the need to develop a sense of self worth. One becomes aware that others are aware of and are likely to make judgment about ones competence and value. . Cognitive needs. These are needs that are related to the individual’s exploratory activities, which are the need to know and understand the environment in which one lives. f. Aesthetic needs. The need for beauty and order in our society that is to what extent are we concerned about making our society orderly and beautiful. g. Self- actualization needs. Once all the above needs are fulfilled the person strives for the highest level need- self actualization. (d)What approach is his (Maslow) theory? He says that it is difficult to achieve the highest level of needs. Only about one percent of the population would reach the level of self actualization whereby the ability to achieve the highest level- self actualization is undermined by social, political cultural and economics instabilities in our society. REFERENCES 1. Myers D. G (2008) Psychology 9th edition New York: Worth publishers 2. Wayne Weiten (2000) Psychology Themes and Variations 7th Edition 3. www. simplypsychology. com 4. Woolfolk A (2004) 9th edition Educational psychology Boston pearson education inc 5. Rita L. Atikinson (1987) Introduction to psychology 9th edition How to cite Introduction to Psychology, Essay examples Introduction to Psychology Free Essays Introduction to Psychology Introduction to the Unit Unit overview This unit focuses on understanding psychological theory and its application to life. It provides you with an understanding of: †¢ psychology as a social science †¢ the biological basis of behaviour †¢ psychological development through the lifespan †¢ sensation and perception †¢ states of consciousness †¢ memory, learning and conditioning theories †¢ cognition, language, creativity and intelligence †¢ motivation and emotion †¢ personality †¢ psychological disorders and their treatment †¢ health, stress and coping Unit objectives By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: †¢ demonstrate and describe the role of psychology in various areas of life †¢ demonstrate an understanding of psychology as a social science †¢ use basic terminology and concepts of psychological theory †¢ apply psychological theories to your own life Textbook The textbook for this unit is by Weiten, W. , Dunn, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , Hammer, E. Y. (2012). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century (10th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. This manual directs you to the relevant chapters of your textbook associated with each section. Unit Overview Introduction to Psychology Studying for this unit The content of this unit has been designed to maximise the learning and the integration of the subject matter. Some of the unit material may be specific to the Australian context. Students are encouraged to access additional information relevant to their local area that will assist in applying the learning. This may include specific legislation, professional associations and locally published journals. It is important that your learning is broadbased. Accessing local resources that build on what is contained in this unit will greatly assist your learning. In studying this unit, you will need a notebook for completing the activities and selfassessment for each section. Within your notebook, you may like to set aside space for: †¢ completing a glossary of new terminology introduced in this unit †¢ personal notes on unit content and readings In general, students are expected to: †¢ read each section of the unit carefully and make notes on anything which is new, vague, tentative or in conflict with your knowledge or experience †¢ complete each activity fully and honestly before moving on †¢ complete readings of the textbook, making notes of important insights or facts Read also Memory – Forgetting There may be periodic suggestions or issues on which you are asked to deliberate and reflect. Sometimes these are dilemmas or difficult issues associated with the study topic. These have no obvious right or wrong answers. Activities Appropriate activities are set throughout the unit to give opportunities for further learning. They are designed to help you think through and practise the specific skills and general concepts presented in this unit. They do not need to be sent to the unit educator for marking. However, valuable learning opportunities may be missed by not completing the activities. Readings The manual directs you to readings that are found in the ‘Readings Pack’. These readings are selected from journals and books that provide additional information or a different perspective on topics covered in each section. They are from a range of authorities and expand the content of this unit. Unit Overview 2 Introduction to Psychology Self-assessment There are self-assessment questions at the end of each section to test your understanding of the section’s content. Try to recall the answers to these questions unaided. Write down what you remember, before going back to review the relevant material in the section. Some of the questions will require more than simple recall. Some will require bringing together separate issues or different pieces of information. Real learning is not just remembering what was read. It involves making this knowledge your own by: †¢ reflecting on it †¢ questioning it †¢ relating it to personal experiences †¢ restating it in your own words Assignments The assignments for this unit are carefully set so they develop from and support the key concepts and skills of the unit. Reference list The reference list for this unit is located at the end pages of the manual. Unit Overview 3 Introduction to Psychology Contents Section 1: Introduction to Psychology and the Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 2: The Science of Psychology: Tools and Research Methods Section 3: Psychological Development through the Lifespan Section 4: Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment Section 5: Sensation and Perception Section 6: Health, Stress and Coping Section 7: States of Consciousness Section 8: Memory, Learning and Conditioning Section 9: Motivation and Emotion Section 10: Cognition, Language, Creativity and Intelligence Section 11: Psychological Disorders and Social Issues Section 12: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Unit Overview 4 Introduction to Psychology Assignment requirements Ensure you keep a copy of all material submitted. This includes audio–visual recordings. Assignment Type % Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Unit Overview 5 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Choose one of the following topics and write an essay discussing the topic in light of theory you have learned about in this unit: 1. Stress is an epidemic in the 21st century and impacts on people’s behaviour in many ways. Discuss in light of the literature. 2. Compare and contrast two theories of personality. Ensure you include a definition of personality in your essay. 3. Research suggests that first impressions are created within the first few minutes of meeting someone. Discuss the factors that impact on our perception of others and some of the elements that affect the accuracy of first impressions. Your essay should include: †¢ A clear articulation of your chosen topic †¢ A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above †¢ An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 6 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 7 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 8 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 2 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Choose one of the areas listed below. Identify and critically evaluate the role of internal and external factors in relation to this area. 1. Sensation/Perception – e. g. physical vs. psychological 2. Motivation – e. g. intrinsic vs. extrinsic 3. Intelligence – e. g. nature vs. nurture 4. Learning – e. g. the role of external vs. internal rewards Your essay should include: †¢ A clear articulation of your chosen topic †¢ A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above †¢ An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 9 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 10 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 1 Introduction to Psychology Assignment support and information Important and valuable information about completing your assignments can be found in the following places: †¢ Academic skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources’ section of my. acap †¢ Study skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources ’ section of my. acap †¢ the ‘Learning Support’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website All assignments are to be submitted online through my. acap. You can find more information on the assignment process on the ‘Assessment Information’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website. Unit Overview 12 How to cite Introduction to Psychology, Papers Introduction to Psychology Free Essays

Social Media and Disasters Framework †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Social Media and Disasters Framework. Answer: Introduction: If a disaster takes place, I have realized that it is vital to carry out surveillance in order to analyze the extent of health effects on certain affected people. I understood surveillance to be a systematic measure of analysis, collection and analysiss of injuries and illness that supports public health in tracking and recognizing the adverse health impacts within community. The Disaster Surveillance Workgroup (DSWG) has attained experts from all through CDC to develop certain data collection, sharing and reporting standards at the time of public health disaster. In support of DSWG, HSB has generated mortality and morbidity surveillance tools and training tools (CDC - Health Studies - Public Health Surveillance during a Disaster, 2017). Certain instances of CDC Health Studies Branch Disaster Surveillance Activities that I remember includes ice storms in Kentucky in 2009, floods in Iowas in 2008 and earthquake in Haiati in 2010. I remember a case of mortality surveillance in India where in the leadership of Byrraju Foundation, the collaboration implemented a mortality surveillance system within 45 villages all over West and East Godavari districts. This research analyzed the major reasons for death within the rural areas of India and explained whether mortality surveillance system can rely on verbal autopsy method that can be implemented within routine work of primary healthcare system (Mortality surveillance system, 2017). Such system followed these three stages: Data collection of deaths through verbal autopsy tool by trained multipurpose primary healthcare employees Independent assignment of death cause through trained physician analysts Developing summary statistics and reports I gathered from the report that psychological trauma can take place from viewing an occasion that is perceived to be life threatening or has the potential of drastic bodily injury to themselves or others. Such experiences appear in addition to intense fear, helplessness and horror that can result in diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. In such type of disorder the impact of psychological trauma on neurobiological systems are focused on. After such neurobiological symptoms observed in the traumatized patients, the gene expressions are evaluated in details all through the illness duration (Department of Health | Surveillance systems reported in Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 2016, 2017). I also gathered from analyzing the article that through the presumed mechanism of injury from psychological trauma is different from brain trauma. Moreover, the etiologic abnormalities are deemed to encompass identical to encompass neurobiological systems and develop overlapping clinical s yndromes. I came across a case that deals with non-communicable disease surveillance that includes diabetes surveillance in USA. From consideration of such surveillance, it is gathered that several preventive care measures are taken by the USA diabetes surveillance centre that are explained below: Dilatation of eyed exam in the last year Everyday self-monitoring of glucose in blood Visit of health professionals for diabetes Foot exam by the health professionals Everyday individual exam feet Vaccination for influenza in the previous year Awareness on certain risks factors is considered by the USA Diabetes Surveillance centre. Risk factors for diabetes encompass pre-diabetes and testing of high blood sugar (U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System, 2017). This risk factor for complications and the reasons for which diabetes rate is increasing in USA includes: Obesity Current smoking Increased cholesterol Hypertension Overweight or obesity I came across national planning principles for animals in case of disasters that offers guidance regarding certain aspects that must be included within the planning process for animals in disaster situation and local disaster management planning. I also came to realize that the planning process for the animals in disaster: Realizes that considering animals within emergency management planning can enhance animal welfare results Realizes that considering animals within emergency management planning will facilitate securing enhanced human welfare and safety in disasters Analysis a broad range of parties involved within animal welfare and animal management arrangements in a domestic area for the initial responders in disasters. Moreover, acknowledging expertise of local government is necessary in understanding available local needs and resources. I realized that the National Planning Principles for the animals within disasters can serve as an efficient tool in order to support jurisdictions as they might intend to enhance disaster management planning through making sure that animals are considered (AAWS, 2017). Through considering the animals within disaster planning and arrangements within Australia, governments and communities are working collaboratively in improving disaster resilience. I came across a case where in the year 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, the global fund for animal welfare sent emergency rescue teams in New Orleans. The group made great attempts in rescuing number of cats and dogs left out by evacuees. The people those were rescued and brought to shelters were not allowed to bring their pets. IFAW sustains a team of highly trained professionals ready to support and rescue animals threatened by natural disasters or became victims of cruelty. The emergency relied team includes experts that guides seabirds affected by oil spills, pets, livestock and wildlife damaged by natural disasters and supports wide life that needs rescue, rehabilitation and release in the wild (IFAW, 2017). Natural disasters are presenting a great blow to wildlife along with their animals on which people base on livelihoods and companionship that includes pets and livestock. I recognized that in the year 2009, the number of natural disasters all through the world increased to 100. Moreover, the effects of oil spills and several related events that can be resulted from climate change based disasters making the situation more adverse. Considering the seriousness of animal rescue and recovery IFAW necessitated United States to attain a global declaration on animal welfare which facilitates people and governments to take into account animals in disaster preparedness. Moreover, government also requires considering animals in disaster preparedness along with response efforts climate change-based disasters. I came across a case where Hurricane Katrina was among the severe hurricane disasters in the US. More than 1833 people died in this disaster along with the flooding that took place after such disaster. Several people were homeless in the areas of New Orleans and Gulf Coast. This hurricane attained sixth rank in strength and caused damage of $108 billion as per National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Damage Aftermath, 2017). Several residents did not respond to the warnings of evacuation that put numerous stresses on rescue operations. I also gathered that according to data center that is a sole research company in New Orleans, this hurricane displaced more than 1 million people all through the Gulf Coast area. After such disaster National Guard came for help of the evacuations. Many rescued people were sent to refuge in New Orleans Convention Center and the Superdome that was overwhelmed. Certain provision of psycho-social support to population that is affected by disaster is considered as a major strategy in decreasing the adverse mental health impacts caused from man-made or natural disasters. Guidelines based on psychosocial responses focused on the need for multi-level support strategies that are to be offered in consideration to the need and circumstances of people those are affected. Six disasters were considered in developing effective disaster planning that includes Northern Italian earthquakes in 2012, the great East Japan earthquake, nuclear disaster and tsunami (Reifels et al., 2017), The Florida Hurricanes in 2004, The London bombings in 2005, the mass shooting in Norway in 2011 and the Sandy Hook school shooting in 2012. After analyzing six different disasters occurred in different nations it was recognized that in case of these disasters there is an increased need to: Effectively coordinate and link disaster response services Link research along with analysis into disaster response planning Increase the responsibilities for mental health professionals Address all psychological response in every disaster Offer multi-dimensional psychosocial care I came across a scenario where Japan faced a magnitude-9 earthquake disaster along with a savage tsunami. The drastic impacts of this earthquake were felt all through the globe from floods in Norway to ice sheets in Antarctica. After such disaster, Japan is observed to still recover from such disastrous situation. In the year 2017, there are still more than 150000 evacuees those lost their residences and 50000 of them were still residing within Japan Reconstruction Agencys temporary housing. After the tsunami took place Meteorological agency of Japan was criticized for indicating an initial warning on tsunami which underestimated the wave size (Science Earth, 2017). Another earthquake took place in Japan in the year 2011 that brought devastating results for the country and killed more than 15000 people. Residents in Tokyo were previously warned and Japans early warning system prevented a high rate of death from earthquake through stopping high-speed trains along with factory assembly lines. Residents of Japan also attained texted alerts regarding the earthquake and tsunami warnings on their mobiles. I remember disastrous situation in which a Malaysian airline flight 370 vanished while travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. After such disaster, the airliner offered official condolences to the relatives of 239 people those were in that flight. It was reported that the flight crashed near to the Indian Ocean and no one survived. From analysis of the disastrous case I gathered that the crash of MH370 caused due to lack of information that developed clear grounds for conspiracy theories. However, such disaster was inevitable but still the chaotic along with contradictory government responses from Malaysian government made it worse. Malaysian airlines realized that 99 percent of the crisis communication is preparation (Department of Health | Overview of Biological Agents that could be used in a Terrorist Act., 2017). In the disaster, relatives of passengers those boarded on MH370 recognized that the facilities that were set up generally happened to remain disorganized. Malaysia Airlines kept relatives within hotel rooms in Kuala Lumpur and Beijing and conveyed information there to the families of the dead. However, such news delivered late and often sporadically. Numerous airline companies maintain protocol that explains best ways in responding to the tragedies. Family assistance centres are set up with implementation of information hotlines. After such disaster occurs relatives must remain in touch with the designated representatives by means of telephone or e-mail (A Disastrous Void: Why The MH370 Public Response Failed, 2017). Numerous biological agents are deemed to be deemed as a bioterrorist act. Such agents can be bacterial or viral and can include toxins that increase threat due to their ease of transmission or the adverseness of illness. Moreover, I came to understand that these substances an pose a great adverse impact on public health that needs preparedness in decreasing consequences of several deliberate release. Highly serous bio-terrorism disasters are caused by certain infectious agents causing severe diseases like plague, smallpox and botullinum toxin (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017). This can result in severe diseases; however, in the initial stages after exposure, symptoms can be difficult to differentiate from common illness. To recognize that whether a person is suffering from disease caused by bioterrorism disaster it is important to attain evidence of attack in other places. In order to deal with such disaster, the department of health has implemented a regulatory scheme for security sensitive biological agents along with support of National Health Securities Act in 2007. I remember another instance where in the year 2003, Australian Health Disaster Management Policy Committee was introduced to coordinate national health emergency responses such as mass causality events in a better manner. The attack of releasing B. anthracis bacteria spores in the air within Australia resulted in high public health emergency. When Australia was attracted by anthrax this committee dealt with the health consequences occurred from such disaster and coordinate assistance among the Australian government and the states. This included utilization of the national medical stockpile and transfer of patients between the states. References A Disastrous Void: Why The MH370 Public Response Failed. (2017).International Business Times. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.ibtimes.com/disastrous-void-why-mh370-public-response-failed-1598774 AAWS, (2017). National Planning Principles For Animals In Disasters. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.ava.com.au/sites/default/files/AVA_website/FINAL%20National%20Planning%20Principles%20for% Boscarino, J. A., Hoffman, S. N., Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., Solhkhah, R. (2017). Mental health outcomes among vulnerable residents after Hurricane Sandy: Implications for disaster research and planning.American Journal of Disaster Medicine,9(2), 97-106. CDC - Health Studies - Public Health Surveillance during a Disaster. (2017).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/surveillance.htm Commonwealth of Australia. (2017). Anthrax: Public health response plan for Australia. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/CA2578620005D57ACA257ACA0080D46B/$File/anthrax-edition-2-oct-12.pdf Department of Health | Overview of Biological Agents that could be used in a Terrorist Act. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-bio-agents.htm Department of Health | Surveillance systems reported in Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 2016. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-surveil-surv_sys.htm Houston, J. B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M. F., Park, E. H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M. R., ... Griffith, S. A. (2015). Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research.Disasters,39(1), 1-22. Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Damage Aftermath. (2017).Live Science. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.livescience.com/22522-hurricane-katrina-facts.html IFAW, (2017). Unnatural Disasters. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/unnatural_disasters_0.pdf Malilay, J., Heumann, M., Perrotta, D., Wolkin, A. F., Schnall, A. H., Podgornik, M. N., ... Greenspan, J. R. (2014). The role of applied epidemiology methods in the disaster management cycle.American journal of public health,104(11), 2092-2102. Mortality surveillance system. (2017).The George Institute for Global Health. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.georgeinstitute.org/projects/mortality-surveillance-system Reifels, L., Pietrantoni, L., Prati, G., Kim, Y., Kilpatrick, D., Dyb, G. (2017).Lessons learned about psychosocial responses to disaster and mass trauma: an international perspective. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873118/ Science, L., Earth, P. (2017).Japan Earthquake Tsunami of 2011: Facts and Information.Live Science. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html Smith, D. L., Notaro, S. J. (2015). Is emergency preparedness a disasterfor people with disabilities in the US? Results from the 20062012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).Disability Society,30(3), 401-418. U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System. (2017).Gis.cdc.gov. Retrieved 18 October 2017, from https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/diabetes/diabetesatlas.html

Timeline Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. free essay sample

When newspapers were the most likely form of mass media, there were hundreds of newspapers In circulation In the US, with a did selection of editorial perspectives and appealing to all kinds of audiences. Recently television has supplanted newspapers as the source of news for most people. 1704: The first regularly published newspaper in the America, The Boston News-Letter, appeared In 1704. The paper contained obituaries and schedules of ship arrivals. Many newspapers filled their pages with sermons, literary works, and philosophical pieces, as well as advertisements.One example, the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1784, Philadelphia had the first daily newspaper in the United States, the Pennsylvania Packet. Newspapers played an important role In politics after the Revolutionary War. The Federalist Papers, written mainly by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton supporting the ratification of the Constitution. Writing under the name Publics, Madison and Hamilton helped to persuade public opinion In favor of ratification in New York and Virginia. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline: Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the sass Changes In printing press technology. Embodied with the decision to attract a working-class audience, allowed publishers to sell their newspapers to reduce prices from six cents to one penny, The first of the penny press, appeared In 1833. Newspaper readership in the 19th century because of the population expansion, the Invention of the telegraph, the growing availability of electricity, and the increased use of sensational journalism. 1920: In the sass, inventors and entrepreneurs made advances in wireless communication using radio waves. -In 1902, transmitting speech and music over the air was demonstrated, building radio transmitters and receivers became a hobby.In 1912, the government required amateur radio operators to have a license. In 1920, the first broadcasting stations licensed for commercial purposes went on the air. In 1922-23 the number of radio stations increased from 30 to 556. The largest radio manufacturer, RCA, sold $85 million worth of radios over three years. By 1930, after the NBC and CBS radio networks were established,US businesses were spending a total of $40 million to advertise their products and services on radio. The sass the golden age of radio, was an inexpensive form of entertainment for millions of Americans coping with the depression.President Roosevelt used the radio to promote his New Deal agenda and to calm a worried nation. After World War II, television became increasingly popular. The invention of transistor technology and headphones allowed radios to become portable, unlike the TV sets. Across the country, programming produced by National I OFF coverage and analysis not found on most other stations. Today, radio remains a popular source not only of entertainment but also of news. 1939: The first commercial television stations went on the air in 1939, marking the beginning of the television industry;World War II interrupted the development of television. Five years later, that number had risen to 12 million households with a TV. Now, 99 percent of U. S. Households have at least if not two or three. In the ass and ass, television broadcasting was dominated by three giant companies, NBC, CBS, and BBC. Other than the occasional independent UHF channel, there were three channels to watch. In 1969, the PBS began operation, providing educational, public-interest programming on a noncommercial basis. Expansive growth of cable TV boomed in the ass and ass. The invention of Vicars and the widespread availability of movies on videocassettes offered viewers more alternatives to network programming.Citizens disagree about the political, economic, and social effects of the concentration of mass Edie ownership. Although some see gains in efficiency and increasing diversity of media content, others see potential problems. 1948: The beginnings of cable TV can be traced to 1948 in Tuckering, Arkansas. Davidson was frustrated by an inability to get clear reception. He placed a 100-foot tower atop a two-story building and connected it using coaxial cable to television sets in his store. Within a few years, cable television systems had been constructed across the country, serving thousands of subscribers.In 1963 threatened by competition from cable, broadcasting networks successfully lobbied to increase government regulation of the cable industry. Len the sass, cable TV experienced a surge due to technological advances and the partial deregulation of the cable industry by the government. Later, it bounced its signal off satellites that blanketed the US and reached thousands of additional subscribers at greatly reduced cost. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was designed to break down any remaining barriers to competition in the telecommunications industry and to allow more companies to participate.However, this legislation resulted in the increased corporate concentration discussed in the previous segment. Even though many new stations emerged, the cable industry has not escaped. 1962: In 1962, the first communications satellite, Telltales, was launched. In 1976, television programming was delivered by satellite. There have been two important consequences of satellite technology. Satellite technology offers the opportunity for over 1 ,300 local stations to enlarge their audience and Instant transmission of news from around the globe.A powerful example of the use of satellite transmission to revolutionize news and lattice coverage was in the 1999 Elian Gonzales story. Elian Gonzales was rescued from the sea by the U. S. Coast Guard after the boat failed to withstand the journey from Cuba to the US. A custody battle between Élans relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The story not only generated intensive news coverage but also created diplomatic tensions between the United States and Cuba. When a U. S. Court eventually ordered the boy to be returned to the custody of his father, Élans Miami relatives refused to cooperate.In response, the lawyer representing Élans father Ovid to quickly release a second photo of Elian in a happy embrace after he was reunited with his father, to counter the negative public opinion generated by the first image, then many people felt he was were he belonged. Up four computer network codes on university campuses and established Advanced Research Projects Agency Net. The World Wide Web has affected countless aspects of American society, including the way in which we obtain and analyze political information. In a 2006 survey, roughly 1 in 3 Americans use the Internet as their primary source of news, compared to 1 in 50 in 1996.Citizens can obtain candidate roofless and analysis of candidate issue positions or even send a quick e-mail. Because it allows easy entry the Internet has the potential to increase concentration. The World Wide Web can serve as a truly demonstrating force, providing ordinary citizens with the capacity to take a greater role in the political process. Yet, this demonstrating potential may not be achieved because the rapid increase in the number of Web sites it also makes it easier for those not very interested in politics to completely avoid news about public affairs. 007: The increases ownership of the mass media has given rise to a debate grading the social, political, and economic effects of this trend. Some people argue that, with the advent of the World Wide Web, the diversity of information that all of the forms of popular media pose little threat to the health of the democratic process. Others think that the growing power of the media giants will undermine the democratic nature of the American political system. Ben Franklin: a polymath, who knew five languages, and was born in Massachusetts. He was a founding father, who opposed slavery and played major roles in scientific discoveries.

A Worn Path Essays - Eudora Welty, Free Essays, Term Papers

A Worn Path Essays - Eudora Welty, Free Essays, Term Papers A Worn Path In the story "A Worn Path" the main character's name is Phoenix which alludes to "the mythical bird that consumed itself in fire after five hundred years and rose renewed from its ashes. This death-birth motif gives a meaningful context for details which seem merely descriptive"(Seidl, p. 53). "Welty's main subject is the intricacies of human relationships, particularly as revealed through her characters' interactions in intimate social encounters. Welty's outlook is hopeful, and love is viewed as a redeeming presence in the midst of isolation and indifference" (One Writers Beginnings). Ms. Welty takes an old woman, Phoenix Jackson, on a seemingly impossible journey using general symbolism and Christian symbolism. She begins the journey with general symbols of everyday life. The journey itself is like life, it has its ups and downs. "The woods were deep and still" (Welty, p. 159) and "Down in the hollow was the mourning dove" (Welty, p. 159) makes the reader think of death. Other symbols that make us think of life or youth and death or age are: "Seem like there is chains about my feet" (Welty, p. 159) make it clear that Phoenix is thinking about death or slavery; "Up through the pines" (Welty, p. 159) makes the reader think of youth; "Now down through the oaks" (Welty, p. 159) is another symbol of death; "She had to creep and crawl, spreading her knees and stretching her fingers like a baby trying to climb the steps" (Welty, p. 160)is another sign of youth; Phoenix's hair and eyes also make us think of youth and death since the reader knows S. Carney 2 Phoenix is old because of the repeated use of "old," and "Granny," and "Grandma" but her hair is not gray but "still black" (Welty, p. 159); Phoenix also saw a buzzard in the field, making Phoenix think of death; "I walking in their sleep" (Welty, p. 160) is a phrase used by Phoenix as she walked "past cabins silver from weather, with the doors and windows boarded shut"(Welty, p. 160) that makes the reader think Phoenix has outlived just about everyone she has known in her life. Other symbols of death are where "the live-oaks met" ... "it was dark as a cave"(Welty, p. 161); The "black dog" (Welty, p. 161) who knocked Phoenix in the ditch; the scarecrow is a reference to death in the story because Phoenix performs a little dance of death with it; and finally how Phoenix slowly bends forward, her chin almost even with her knees as she picked the nickel up off the ground. Some of the Christmas symbols certainly portray Christian symbolism. As Phoenix crosses a log that "was laid across the creek" the reader thinks of crossing the river Jordan; Phoenix "carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella" (Welty, p. 158) makes the reader think of a candy cane; "a tree in a pearly cloud of mistletoe" (Welty, p. 159) is also another sign of Christmas; the "red and green electric lights" (Welty, p. 162); the bells ringing also remind Phoenix that it is Christmas time in the city; the lady that "came along in the crowd, carrying an armful of red-, green-, and silver-wrapped presents" (Welty, p. 163) who tied Phoenix's shoe and the attendant who gives her a nickel make the reader think of Christmas as a time for giving; as the reader S. Carney 3 thinks of Phoenix's grandson we also think of Jesus; and finally as Phoenix is going to the store to buy her "child a little windmill" makes us think of the star. "A Worn Path" suggests that "the end of the road is death and renewal of life" (Seidl, p. 54). By looking through the eyes of Phoenix the reader learns that life is a path filled with mental deaths and rebirths. Everyone is frequently close to giving up against everyday struggles; yet through equivalently frequent aids, you persist on spiritually revived. If you have a good enough cause you do not give up. S. Carney 4 Welty, Eudora, One Writers Beginnings, Internet, 1994 Seidl, Frances. Eudora Welty's Phoenix. Vol. 6 of Notes on Mississippi Writers, University of Southern Mississippi, 1974. Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet,

Critical Essay Editing

Critical Essay Editing Critical Essay Editing Critical Essay Editing If you wrote the first draft of your wonderful essay, make a small break. Let draft lie down for a couple of days until you gather your thoughts. Sometimes, pause can be extremely useful to give you new ideas on the issue. Once you relaxed, you have to start critical essay editing. In the process of critical essay editing, you will rewrite some paragraph change their sequence, add or remove words and phrases, change the structure, add new ideas, etc. Your critical essay should be very different from the first draft. Critical essay writing is a wearisome process. It's still very difficult to meet the standard of 500-odd words, under condition that you need to describe your live and yourself, for example. Critical essay editing is not the same as proofreading. Proofreading is changing sentence structure and correcting mistakes. While critical essay writing editing requires your full attention and you have to focus on style, wording, formatting, referencing, flow of ideas, presentation, etc. But do not rush to tear in pieces the draft if you have found many mistakes and do not send an electronic version to the basket. According to academic research, the first draft is very valuable because it contains your personal ideas and thoughts. Critical Essay Editing Tips Editing a critical essay is a process of making your writing better. While critical essay writing is over, critical essay editing begins. You should be aware that sometimes writing and editing require equal time. Not fair? The process of writing is about putting your thoughts on a paper, while the process of editing is about making your thoughts readable. Editing of the written work should be done very carefully taking into account grammatical, spelling and stylistic rules. Make sure that there are no repetitions and misunderstanding between sentences. Paper Editing Tips You should not submit a critical essay without editing! Well, you can, however, your should be ready to get the grader lower than your expected. In the process of critical essay editing, try to give answers to the following questions: Do you understand the question (topic)? Have you worked out argumentation? Have you made an outline covering stages of argumentation? Did you carefully read the literature on the topic? Does each paragraph have a clear topic sentence? Are the paragraphs logically connected? Do you use effective evidence? Did you make references to the sources? Is critical essay conclusion concise and relevant to the case? If you have already written a critical essay, however, you feel that it is hard to read, you are welcome to request critical essay service at .com. We will make your critical essay perfect. Moreover, we have the best prices on editing service!

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Network Security - Essay Example 2007). It is the twentieth century where improved communication technologies are inventing one after another. Internet has become a powerful and interactive delivery service providing extensive activities and web services. Organisations expand their resources with the help of Internet. Websites are created, for informational purposes, advertisement, online shopping etc. In the modernized countries, Internet is utilized for business: Education purposes Online shopping (Comet, EBay, etc) Blogs (Bloggers, Word Press, etc) Social-Networking (Facebook, Myspace, etc) Information (Advertising) Even today, where every technology interrelated to Information technology involves the ‘.com’ phenomenon; Internet is relatively an evolving field, which is constantly changing. Extensive use of computing technology has aid different scale organisations to achieve targets. Information technology evolution has introduced innovations for business processes and communication. Moreover, infor mation technology has rendered a new approach for conducting business on new channels, and is proceeding further to add numerous benefits and modernization due to its global reach around the globe. However, the expandable adoptability has provided new loopholes for threats and vulnerabilities. Organizations are more apprehensive about the security of the network rather that adding functionality. Moreover, massive funds are allocated for network security along with advanced security hardware devices including Hardware Security Modules (HSM), which are deployed to secure mission critical data. However, frequent updates are required, for firmware and hardware, to keep them updated for potential threats that may disrupt data or perform any security breach. From time to time, the hackers and cyber criminals develop new threats. Even the updated security hardware is not sufficient for securing the network , because there is always a probability of a new threat, which may bypass the securi ty mechanism anytime. Moreover, hackers and cyber criminals also conduct research on security products in order to develop a threat, which may intrude and sidestep the security of these products. The main objectives of a cyber criminal includes, bank account hacking, credit card hacking to achieve money. The uprising of Information Technology has created new trends of doing business and communication. Furthermore, technology has provided a new approach of operating businesses during the past several years, and continues to provide numerous benefits as it spreads all over the world. However, with its extensive adoption, threats and vulnerabilities are also growing. Organisations spent vast funds to secure their confidential data and network environment. In addition, hardware security modules are taken into consideration for securing mission-critical data. However, these modules need frequent updates for virus definitions and new threats, which may disturb the network. Every now and t hen, new threats are designed and developed by hackers and cyber criminals. In spite of securing the networks and data centers, with the most updated and advanced security modules, there is still a probability of a new threat to break into the network. In addition, hackers and cyber criminals are exploring efficient codes day by day to advance the hacking tools, in order to breach in to classified information, banks and

Researching and Developing a New Business Venture Essay

Researching and Developing a New Business Venture - Essay Example The paper also focuses on the micro level evaluation of the restaurant industry, with the help of Porter’s five forces model. Subsequently, the paper accentuates on the micro-level restaurant industry evaluation, with due consideration to the economic viability of the restaurant business model. The paper further confers the mission and the aspiration of the team. Finally, the paper concludes with the discussion of the rationale for the attractiveness of the new venture and cites reasons for the same. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Micro-Level Market Assessment 5 Macro-Level Market Assessment 7 Macro-Level Industry Assessment 8 Micro-Level Industry Assessment 10 Team Assessment 13 Summary and Conclusions 15 References 16 Bibliography 19 Introduction The paper comprises of a customer feasibility assessment for setting up an Afro-Caribbean restaurant in Allerton, a suburb in Liverpool, United Kingdom. The paper initially focuses on the micro-level assessment of the market for the restaurant. This assessment is focussed on identifying the target market segment for the Afro-Caribbean restaurant, its size and growth opportunity. The assessment also accentuates on the needs of the target group and the suitability of the restaurant’s cuisines in meeting those needs. ... Conclusively, the paper discusses the rationale for the attractiveness of the new venture and cites reasons for the same (Mullins, 2007). Micro-Level Market Assessment The potential target market for an Afro-Caribbean restaurant in Allerton, Liverpool would be the British Afro Caribbean community and other ethnic groups residing in the area as well as the British population who have a liking for Caribbean foods. The total population of Allerton has been estimated to be around 30,000 (VDC Group, 2011). It has been observed that a decent magnitude of ethnic population resides in the Allerton region and its vicinity. Bernstock (2007), had stated in his study on the meal preference of Afro-Caribbean people that a clear correlation could be identified amid the African-Caribbean populace interviewed and their consumption preference, with an obvious inclination for Afro Caribbean cooking. This was despite the fact that there have been considerable cultural and social changes that has been o bserved amongst the Afro Caribbean population in the United Kingdom over the years (Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 1986). Additionally, the rapidly increasing statistics of ‘Black and Minority Ethnic’ restaurants imply that there is huge potential for a restaurant business, catering Afro Caribbean foods (Bernstock 2007). This is particularly true for Allerton because this neighbourhood of Liverpool does not have any prominent eatery dedicated solely to Afro Caribbean cuisines. During the recent years, a significant market has emerged for the category of cuisine, often referred as the ‘ethnic’ food. The augmented production of ethnic food in the UK lately is partially a response to the expanding group of African and other Ethnic communities in the UK. However, the growth in

History of Sport Essay Example for Free

History of Sport Essay In my paper I will be discussing the early form of calisthenics and how the men and women who implemented exercise and fitness into our everyday life. Although there were many disagreements among the early supporters the first sightings of controlled calisthenics are from physical education classes and in schools. Many fought over what was beneficial for a human being and what was considered a waste of time. Many early idealists agreed appaun the body and mind are connected meaning a healthy mind was impossible without an equally healthy body. Eventually as you get closer to the 1900’s all educators for men at least developed the thinking that physical education particularly calisthenics was a prerequisite for child development. Meaning it was crucial, important almost vital to becoming the most all around successful human able to achieve nothing short of greatness. The belief that by strengthening mans body a man could strengthen his ‘will’. These were thoughts brought up long before the 19th century. Many men who believed in the connection between mind and body thought this was an individual responsibility calisthenics just provided the means. It gave everyone an outlook on the idea of what could come down the road for men who exercised and trained what new levels of success could bring to a mans future just by adding another form of practice into your everyday schedule. In the 1820s American educators began to advocate physical education as well as organize some type of instruction. Many men and educators as time increased and popularity grew for health believed the athlete was the new hero and the new â€Å"human form divine† from all three articles the new idea of man became to be the â€Å"aristocrat of character† not an aristocrat at birth. They were trying to say just because you were born into money or born into wealth doesn’t mean you were going to grow up to be the ideal king everyone expected you to be. You need to be taught, develop character, strength and the will to become the best. Corrupting the mind to control your destiny will lead to the control of your body to un seen lengths of being immortal or superior. Many Americans in the early form of calisthenics became obsessed with health. Tons of men thought the key was strict dieting though the develop of strength training began to take control. As we get closer to the 19th century Americans are troubled with many un explained illness’s and disease. Many ‘irregular’ doctors at the time emphasized exercise and hygiene rather then the radical remedies people performed on one another for cure by the ‘regular’ physicians of the era. During the early part of the civil war for Americans 1861-65 made exercise and physical education a major component in their programmes. Due to the long war some men were forced to deal with anxieties that brought down much of the interest in health and exercise. To balance out the progress already made before the war bringing men together from different sections of the country fighting together as one helped create and spark the interest of sport.

Phobias Essay -- essays research papers

Phobias Phobias are a very common disorder in the United States these days. The definition for phobia is "an abnormal or morbid fear or aversion" ("Oxford" 655). To be considered a phobia, a fear must cause great distress or interfere with a person’s life in a major way. The word phobia is Greek, therefore, any word that proceeds it should be Greek too. To coin a new phobia name, it is proper and only accepted to follow this rule. The rule has been broken many times in the past, especially by the medical profession. The medical profession is steeped in Latin and many times when forming a name for phobia, they use Latin. There are three kinds of phobias: simple phobia, social phobia, and panic attacks. Simple phobias, also called specific phobias, are fears of a specific thing, such as spiders or being in a closed place. Most simple phobias develop during childhood and eventually disappear. Specific phobia is a marked fear of a specific object or situation. It is a category for any phobias other than agoraphobia and social phobia. The categories of specific phobias are 1. situational phobias such as: fear of elevators, airplanes, enclosed places, public transportation, tunnels, or bridges; 2. fear of the natural environment such as: storms, water, or heights; 3. animal phobias such as: fear of dogs, snakes, insects, or mice; 4. blood-injection-injury phobia such as: fear of seeing blood or an injury, or of receiving an injection. (Wood 520). Social phobias are fears of being in situations where your activities can be watched and judged by others. People with social phobias try to avoid social functions at all costs and find excuses not to go to parties or out on dates. This avoidance is the difference between having a social phobia and simply just being shy. Panic attacks are the third kind of phobia. They can change the quality of a person’s life. Someone with a phobia this bad may be shopping at the supermarket and suddenly experience dizziness and a feeling of being out of control. At that moment, the person experiences a fear of dying, with no safe place to go. When this happens more than once, the person might think they are going crazy. Someone with panic attacks soon won’t leave the house because of fear of a panic attack happening outside the house. Soon, depression s... ...6. Generalization from the original phobic stimulus to stimuli of a similar nature will occur; 7. Noxious experiences which occur under conditions of excessive confinement are more likely to produce phobic reactions; 8. Neutral stimuli which are associated with a noxious experience, may develop motivating properties. This acquired drive is termed the fear drive; 9. Responses (such as avoidance) which reduce the fear drive are reinforced; 10. Phobic reactions can be acquired vicariously (Rachman 31). These theories are used to identify how people obtain phobias and other situations that may occur with phobias. In conclusion, phobias are a big part of many people’s lives these days and a growing medical condition. People do not realize how badly phobias can affect their lives so they don’t receive medical attention. There are no cures for phobias but there are treatments which will help the phobic get over their fear. I personally believe that if people care enough about their lives, they will treat their phobias. Phobias can totally alter your life so if you have any of the symptoms I have listed above, please go and get treatment.